AskEssays.com - Discover essay samples

Intermolecular Bonding Essay

4.9 of 5.0 (90 reviews)

Contains
743 words
Category
Science & Nature

Intermolecular Bonding Essay Page 1
Intermolecular Bonding Essay Page 2
Intermolecular Bonding Essay Page 3
Intermolecular Bonding Essay Page 4
Intermolecular Bonding Essay Page 5
The above thumbnails are of reduced quality. To view the work in full quality, click download.

Write an essay on intermolecular bonding. Explain how each type of bond arises
and the evidence for the existence of each. Comment on their strengths in
relation to the types of atoms involved; the covalent bond and relative to each
other. Use the concepts of different types and strengths of intermolecular bonds
to explain the following:

There exists four types of intermolecular bonding, they include ionic, covalent,
Van der waals and hydrogen bonding. In order to describe the existence of such
bonding you must also understand the concepts of polarity, polar and non-polar,
and electronegativity.

Ionic bonds are created by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to
another. In this process of electron transfer, each atom becomes a ion that is
isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas., the substance is held together by
electrostatic forces between the ions. The tendency for these ions to be formed
by elements is corespondent to the octet rule, when atoms react,, they tend to
do so in such a way that they attain an outer shell containing eight electrons.
The factors that effect the formation of ions are ionization energy, electron
affinity, lattice energy.

Figure 1

The transfer of electrons involved in the formation of (a) sodium chloride and
(b) calcium fluoride. Each atom forms an ion with an outer shell containing
eight electrons.

For many elements, compounds cannot be formed by the production of ions, since
the energy released in the formation of the lattice of ions would be
insufficient to overcome the energy required to form the ions would be
insufficient to overcome the energy required to form the ions in the first place.
In order for the atoms to achieve a noble gas configuration they must use
another method of bonding by the process of electron sharing. From figure 2, you
can see that the example of two hydrogen atoms combing. As the atoms get closer
together, each electron experiences an attraction towards the two nuclei and the
electron density shifts so that the most probable place to find the two
electrons is between the two nuclei. Effectively each atom now has a share of
both the electrons. The electron density between the two nuclei exerts an
attractive force on each nucleus keeping them held tightly together in a
covalent bond.

Figure 2

A covalent bond forming between two hydrogen atoms.

It is also possible for two atoms share more than one pair of electrons, sharing
two pairs results in a double bond and sharing three pairs results in a triple
bond. Electronegativity is a measure of how powerful a atom is in a molecule to
attract electrons. Polarization is a term given to name the unequal sharing of
electrons in a covalent bond. Molecules that have unequal sharing of electrons
are called polar molecules and dipole molecules are ones which have the charge
separated, therefore all polar molecules must have a dipole attraction. Non-
polar molecules are ones in which there shapes are symmetrical so the electrons
are evenly distributed. Polar molecules have a permanent dipole in other words
they have a permanent separation of charge. As a result of this, polar molecules
are attracted to one another by forces called permanent dipole-permanent dipole
interactions, in which the negative end of one molecule is attracted towards the
positive end of another. These interactions decrease quite rapidly as the
distance between molecules increases. They are approximately 100 times weaker
than covalent bonds. There are also very strong types of dipole-dipole
interactions called Hydrogen bonds. Evidence for the existence of such
intermolecular forces lies in the properties of hydrides formed by element in
groups 4,5,6 and 7. While all the hydrides formed in group 5 behave in a similar
way, the hydrides of other groups do not. This suggest that the intermolecular
forces in these hydrides are much stronger than expected compared with other
hydrides of the other elements in each group. This type of intermolecular
bonding occurs in two molecules that each contain a polar bond between hydrogen
and another atom.

Figure 3

The variation in boiling points of the ...

You are currently seeing 50% of this paper.

You're seeing 743 words of 1486.

Keywords: intermolecular forces essay, intermolecular bonds examples, dipole bonding examples

Similar essays


Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickles Cell Anemia in Children (10 pgs) In 1904 a hospital intern at The Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago Illinois, Dr. Earnest Irons, who was the first physician to describe sickle cells, wrote a report on Walter Clement Noel's blood. Also in 1904, Dr. James B. Herrick, a Chicago Physician, treated a twenty- year-old college student from the Wes...

133 reviews
Download
Greenhouse Effect

When one starts a car or burns wood, the last thought on their mind is the consequences to these actions. Unfortunately, the daily dangers to earth are not widely know. Due to the constant change of society, this planet must cope with various problems. One of the most important ecological structures is the ozone layer. The same shield that protects...

57 reviews
Download
Murder, Rape, And DNA

DNA is the information needed by a cell in order to reproduce an identical offspring. In some crimes detectives have no evidence or fingerprints to tell who had committed a crime. Now there is a way of finding who has committed the crime by a method called DNA Typing. DNA Typing is finding bacteria or blood on clothing or skin and amplifying the...

142 reviews
Download
Salt Water Can Support An Electrical Current

The chemical make-up of sodium chloride is NaCl. Sodium Chloride is composed of is composed of a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl) and a positively charged sodium ion (Na). So I believe that when sodium chloride is dissolved in water the two ions that compose the sodium chloride should separate, and support an electrical current that would be s...

188 reviews
Download
Anthopleura Elegantissima

The sea anemones that were collected for the 'Clone Specific Segregation in the Sea Anemone ' experiment were collected by Lisbeth Francis in Pacific Grove, California (Biological Bulletin 1973, 144; 64-72). The topic of Francis's report is the particularity of the constant anemone-free areas dividing contiguous accumulations of these anemones and...

63 reviews
Download
Atsisiųsti šį darbą