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3.1 ORIGIN AND EXTENT
The archaeological remains show that before the emergence of Harappan civilization the people lived in small villages. As the time passed, there was the emergence of small towns which ultimately led to full-fledged towns during the Harappan period. The whole period of Harappan civilization is in fact divided into three phases: (i) Early Harappan phase (3500 BC - 2600 BC) - it was marked by some town-planning in the form of mud structures, elementary trade, arts and crafts, etc., (ii) Mature Harappan phase (2600 BC - 1900 BC) - it was the period in which we notice well-developed towns with burnt brick structures, inland and foreign trade, crafts of vari- ous types, etc., and (iii) Late Harappan phase (1900 BC - 1400 BC) - it was the phase of decline during which many cities were abandoned and the trade disappeared leading to the gradual decay of the significant urban traits.
Let us first have a glance over the geographical extent of the Harappan civilization. The archaeological excavations reveal that this culture was spread over a vast area which included not only the present day states of India such as Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Western Uttar Pradesh but also Pakistan and some parts of Afghanistan. Some important sites of this civilization are: Manda in Jammu and Kashmir; Shortughai in Afghanistan; ...
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