Globalization

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Globalization

The global economy and global environment are bound up with one another. Environmental change is a consequence of economic development. Environmental change and its consequent health impacts are driven by economic growth, population growth and urbanization. It has been shown that it is possible to manage economic growth in ways that preserve environmental quality and enhance human health. s Achieving the benefits of economic development while minimizing its harmful impacts will require an increased awareness of links between environment and health to improve public health. Achieving these benefits will depend on a greater emphasis on prevention such as managing the environment so that health risks do not occur. This is important because health risks are associated with environmental degradation. Environmental risks are borne disproportionately by the poor and disenfranchised; not just in developing countries but in affluent nations as well. Economic disparities are increasing both within and among countries. As a result of these disparities, the rich can often protect themselves from environmental threats to health while the poor usually cannot.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has called poverty the world's biggest killer. It has been shown that being poor increases one's risk of ill health. Poverty also contributes to disease and death through its second-order effects; poor people, for example, are more likely to live in an unhealthy environment. Many of the world's poorest are unable to secure even the bare necessities for a healthy life such as food, water, shelter, clothing, and health care.

Globally, one of the major causes of ill health is malnutrition. Malnutrition is an issue of poverty and rarely an indicator of food shortages. As a result of malnutrition, people are more susceptible to infectious and chronic diseases. Statistically, malnutrition contributes up to one half of deaths among children in developing countries. Thus, rising income results in more and better food, housing and clothing. The wealthier also tend to be better educated and more informed about the disease process and thus are able to maintain healthy.

Poverty also influences health because it largely determines an individual's risk as well as access to resources to deal with those risks. Globally, the greatest environmental health threats tend to be those closest to home. More than 1 billion people in developing countries live without adequate shelter, more than 1.4 billion lack access to safe water, and more than 2.9 billion have no access to adequate sanitation. Inside smoky dwellings of developing countries, air pollution is often higher than it is outdoors in the world's most congested cities. In these settlements, garbage collection is often nonexistent and drainage tends to be poor, creating ideal conditions for insects and other diseases.

In some countries, the poor often face health risks related to economic growth. Studies suggest have shown that hazardous waste sites or polluting industries are indeed concentrated in low-income or minority areas. For example, urban slums may be located near major roads, factories or dumpsites, exposing residents to higher levels of air pollution. According to WHO, worm infections are on the rise in urban slums and shantytowns ...

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