Chapter 3:
Developmental psychology: the study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death.
Heredity ("nature"): transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through the genes.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecular structure that contains coded genetic information.
Chromosomes: thread-like "colored bodies" in the nucleus of each cell that are made up of DNA.
Genes: specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information.
Dominant gene: a gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present.
Recessive gene: a gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene.
Polygenic characteristics: personal traits or physical properties that are influence by many genes working in combination.
Maturation: the physical growth and development of the body and nervous system.
Readiness: a condition that exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill.
Environment ("nurture"): the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning.
Congenital problems: problems or defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.
Teratogen: radiation, a drug, or other substance capable of altering fetal development in nonheritable ways that cause birth defects.
Sensitive period: during development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. Also, a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur.
Deprivation: in development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of lacking.
Enrichment: in development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth.
Reaction range: the limits environment places on the effects of heredity.
Temperament: the physical core of personality, including emotional and perceptual sensitivity, energy levels, typical mood, and so forth.
Developmental level: an individual's current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development.
Neonate: newborn infant.
Cephalocaudal: from head to toe.
Proximodistal: from the center of the body to the extremities.
Social smile: smiling elicited by social stimuli, such as seeing a parent's face.
Social development: the development of self-awareness, attachment to parents or caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults.
Emotional attachment: an especially close emotional bond that infants form with their parents, caregivers, or others.
Surrogate mother: a substitute mother (often an inanimate dummy in animal research).
Contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mother.
Separation anxiety: distress displayed by infants when they are separated by their parents or principal caregivers.
Secure attachment: a stable and positive emotional bond.
Insecure-avoidant attachment: an anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver.
Insecure-ambivalent attachment: an anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited.
Affectional needs: emotional needs for love and affection.
Parental styles: identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children.
Authoritarian parents: parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority.
Overly permissive parents: parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility.
Authoritative parents: parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection.
Maternal influences: the aggregate of all psychological effects mothers have on their children.
Paternal influences: the aggregate of all psychological effects fathers have on their children.
Biological predisposition: the presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain ...
Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with...
Terrorism: Preventive Measures Considered Tim Durant ENG 122 English Composition II Instructor: Jennifer Chagala January 20, 2014 Annotated Bibliography Barrett, R. (2012). PREVENTING THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM. Case Western Reserve Journal Of Internati...
\"A dog is a man\'s best friend.\" That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people enjoy. For many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent housepets. In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are...
The world is full of powerful forces. There are forces that effect the entire society and there are forces that only effect a select part of it. One of the most powerful forces of nature is fire. Fire is constantly present in today's society. Whether it be by staying warm or the destruction of private memories and property, fire is an ongoing...
CAPITALISM Today in the United States, a free market system or capitalism is the main economic system. I am interested in this subject because I someday wish to own my own business. I believe that in the future this topic will be very useful to me. Among the topics that I will discuss are the greeks and romans early practices of capitalism...